Monday, August 20, 2007

American Medical Botany

"Under the title of American Medical Botany, it is my intention to offer to the public a series of coloured engravings of those native plants, which possess properties deserving the attention of medical practitioners. The plan will likewise include vegetables of a particular utility in diet and the arts; also poisonous plants which must be known to be avoided.

In making the selection, I have endeavoured to be guided by positive evidence of important qualities and not by the insufficient testimony of popular report. . . I am by no means ambitious to excite an interest in the subjects of this work, by exaggerated accounts of virtues which do not belong to them. Much harm has been done in medicine, by the partial representations of those, who, having a point to prove, have suppressed their unsuccessful experiments, and brought in to view none but favorable facts." [Jacob Bigelow]

rubus villosus - tall blackberry

Rubus villosus (tall blackberry)


sanguinaria canadensis - blood root

Sanguinaria canadensis (blood root)


menyanthes trifoliata - buck bean

Menyanthes trifoliata (buck bean)


Nicotina tabacum

Nicotina tabacum (tobacco)


nymphea odorata - sweet scented water lily

Nymphea odorata - sweet scented water lily


rhododendron maximum - american rose bay

Rhododendron maximum (american rose bay)


illicium foridanum - starry anise

Illicium foridanum (starry anise)


kalmia latifolia - mountain laurel

Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel)


laurus sassafras - sassafras tree

Laurus sassafras (sassafras tree)


liriodendron tulipifera - tulip tree

Liriodendron tulipifera (tulip tree)


magnolia glauca - small magnolia

Magnolia glauca - small magnolia


apocynum androsaemifolium - dog's bane

Apocynum androsaemifolium (dog's bane)


datura stramonium - thorn apple

Datura stramonium (thorn apple)


euphorbia ipecacuanha

Euphorbia ipecacuanha


geranium maculatum - common cranesbill

Geranium maculatum (common cranesbill)


ictodes foetidus - skunk cabbage

Ictodes foetidus (skunk cabbage)


Jacob Bigelow (1787-1879) graduated as a doctor but pursued a side interest in botany, that led him to publish the first systematic plant survey of the flora indigenous to Boston, in 1814.

In addition to his private practice and hospital medical work, Bigelow taught botany at Harvard University, where he was a Professor of both Materia Medica and Application of Science to the Useful Arts ('Technology', as he would come to call it, thereby giving the word its modern popular definition).

'American Medical Botany' was a landmark publication on a couple of fronts. The 3-volume work was issued between 1817 and 1820 and each book in the series evaluated twenty plants. The full page illustrations (almost all based on Bigelow's own drawings) for each species began as regular copper plate engravings with a team of colorists hand-finishing the work, as was the normal custom. But Bigelow was dismayed by either the time or the cost of such a labour intensive process and, calling on his own technological skills, modified the printing technique so that a few colours could be mechanically printed.

There are varying reports about the process adopted, ranging from a lithography stone etching technique to a modified intaglio printing method (the latter seems more plausible to me, considering the obvious plate marks around all the illustrations). Irrespective of the specifics, the series constitutes not only the first coloured botanical book illustrations, but the first colour plate-illustrated book of any kind in America.
"Bigelow brought a scientific depth and aesthetic pleasure not only to the subject of which he wrote and illuminated but also to the publishing and printing process itself. All these factors combine to make American Medical Botany rare in the broadest sense, beyond the mere scarcity of today’s physical copies."
Among his many other accomplishments, Bigelow played a central role in the production of the first American pharmacopoeia in 1820; strongly influenced the behaviour of the medical profession through a series of lectures warning against the overuse and misuse of drugs and the dangers of archaic practices like bloodletting; and provided the designs for the first landscaped garden cemetery anywhere in America. If that isn't enough, he was also a founding Trustee of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, President of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a published poet.

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